Figure 2-2, Shows the characteristic of:

Figure 3-5 illustrates two possible inelastic lateral mechanisms for the same wall element.

The form in page 53 is an example of:

Table 5-3 in page 80, shows the likelihood of earthquake damage to reinforced concrete wall component and behavior mode.

According to Chapter 5, section g. Flexure/Out-of- Plane wall Buckling; Thin wall sections responding in flexure may be prone to out-of-plane buckling, when subjected to cyclic flexural forces and displacements. For typical wall sections the buckling occurs only at high ductility levels.

According to Chapter 5, page 116, RC1A the criteria for insignificant damage are:

1. No crack widths exceed 3/16 in., and
2. No shear cracks exceed 1/8 in., and
3. No significant spalling or vertical cracking

According to Chapter 5, RC1A the criteria for Slight Damage are:

1. Crack widths do not exceed 1/4 in., and
2. No shear cracks exceed 1/8 in., and
3. No significant spalling or vertical cracking, and
4. No buckled or fractured reinforcement, and
5. No significant residual displacement.

According to Chapter 5, RC1A the criteria for Moderate Damage are:

1. Spalling or vertical cracking (or incipient spalling as identified by sounding) occurs at toe regions in plastic hinge zone, typically limited to the cover concrete, and
2. No buckled or fractured reinforcement, and 3- No significant residual displacement.

According to Chapter 6: Reinforced Masonry, RM1A; By observation; Damage in an RM1 component with a flexural response is likely to be localized in a zone with a vertical extent equal to approximately twice the length of the wall. Both horizontal and diagonal cracks of small size (< 0.05 in.) and uniform distribution may be present. Diagonal cracks typically propagate from horizontal, flexural cracks, and therefore have similar, regular spacing.

According to Chapter 6: Reinforced Masonry, RM1B;

By observation:
Damage in an RM1 component with a flexural /shear response is typically localized to the base of the wall, within the plastic hinge region. Both horizontal and diagonal cracks will be present, with diagonal cracks predominant. Diagonal cracks may appear to be independent from horizontal, flexural cracks, and may propagate across the major diagonal dimensions. At heavy damage levels, shear deformations are likely to be localized to one or two diagonal cracks of large width. If a permanent horizontal offset is visible, the behavior mode may be Flexure/Sliding Shear

According to Chapter 6: Reinforced Masonry, RM1B

By analysis:
Analysis of a wall with a Flexure / Shear behavior mode may be difficult, with no clear distinction between the controlling mechanism of flexure (deformation-controlled) or shear (force-controlled). Calculated capacities should be in the same range. Wall axial loads may be moderate-to-high.

Behavior Mode is; The predominant type of damage observed for a particular component. This is dependent on the relative magnitudes of the ratios of applied loads to component strength for axial, flexural and shearing actions.

Collapse Prevention is: A performance level whereby a building is extensively damaged, has little residual stiffness and strength, but remains standing; any other damage is acceptable.

Coupled wall is: A wall element in which vertical pier components are joined at one or more levels by horizontal spandrel components.

Life Safety is: A performance level whereby a building may experience extensive damage to structural and nonstructural components, but remains stable and has significant reserve capacity.

Infilled frame is: A concrete or steel frame with concrete or masonry panels installed between the beams and columns.

A structural analysis technique in which the structure is modeled as an assembly of components capable of nonlinear force deformation behavior, then subjected to a monotonically increasing lateral load in a specific pattern to generate a global force displacement capacity curve. The displacement demand is determined with a spectral representation of ground motion using one of several alternative methods.

Shear wall is: A concrete or masonry panel, connected to the adjacent floor system, that resists in-plane lateral loads.

Severity of damage is: The relative intensity of damage to a particular component classified as insignificant, slight, moderate, heavy, or extreme.